Abstract
Pyrolysis process has been considered to be an efficient approach for valorization of lignocellulosic biomass into bio-oil and value-added chemicals. Bio-oil refers to biomass pyrolysis liquid, which contains alkanes, aromatic compounds, phenol derivatives, and small amounts of ketone, ester, ether, amine, and alcohol. Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable and sustainable energy resource for carbon that is readily available in the environment. This review article provides an outline of the pyrolysis process including pretreatment of biomass, pyrolysis mechanism, and process products upgrading. The pretreatment processes for biomass are reviewed including physical and chemical processes. In addition, the gaps in research and recommendations for improving the pretreatment processes are highlighted. Furthermore, the effect of feedstock characterization, operating parameters, and types of biomass on the performance of the pyrolysis process are explained. Recent progress in the identification of the mechanism of the pyrolysis process is addressed with some recommendations for future work. In addition, the article critically provides insight into process upgrading via several approaches specifically using catalytic upgrading. In spite of the current catalytic achievements of catalytic pyrolysis for providing high-quality bio-oil, the production yield has simultaneously dropped. This article explains the current drawbacks of catalytic approaches while suggesting alternative methodologies that could possibly improve the deoxygenation of bio-oil while maintaining high production yield.
Highlights
The total world energy consumption is increasing at a steep rate due to global industrialization, and it is expected to reach 28% by 2040
Complex is mainly accumulated in the middle and the. It isthree-dimensional a complex threeamorphous natural polymer and its degradation is different from the degradation cellulose due dimensional amorphous natural polymer and its degradation is different from theofdegradation of to its complicated as itstructure is composed many benzene rings. Of these three cellulose due to itsstructure complicated as it of is composed of many benzene rings.allHowever, all of main of biomass of arebiomass determined as the elements of carbon,ofhydrogen, and oxygen these components three main components are determined as the elements carbon, hydrogen, and and high energy content can be relieved by the pyrolysis process
Further development thebio-oil, fast pyrolysis process focusing on reducing the water and oxygen contents, acidity,was and achieved viscosity by optimizing the reaction conditions, and the improvement of accurate models that correspond of bio-oil, through different upgrading methods
Summary
The total world energy consumption is increasing at a steep rate due to global industrialization, and it is expected to reach 28% by 2040. The main development in thermochemical technology is the aim to produce different biofuels and value-added chemicals from biomass. Several technologies have been reported for thermochemical valorization of biomass including torrefaction, hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification which can readily convert biomass into bio-oil, syngas, heat, and charcoal. Pyrolysis is the process of thermal decomposition of biomass in the absence of oxygen to produce bio-oil, char, and gaseous product. Fast pyrolysis is the process for enhancing the production of bio-oil (condensable vapours) and the process operates at a very high heating rate reaching the process temperature in a few seconds. The main advantages of gasification are the conversion of the entire carbon content in the biomass, and production of valuable fuels, i.e., hydrogen, bio-oil, and lower CO2 emission [20]. The articlethe describes the and challenges and the researchthe gaps for future in thework field of ofpyrolysis biomass. of biomass
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