Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is emerging as a significant complementary or alternative approach for cancer treatment. PDT drugs act as photosensitisers, which upon using appropriate wavelength light and in the presence of molecular oxygen, can lead to cell death. Herein, we reviewed the general characteristics of the different generation of photosensitisers. We also outlined the emergence of rhenium (Re) and more specifically, Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes as a new generation of metal-based photosensitisers for photodynamic therapy that are of great interest in multidisciplinary research. The photophysical properties and structures of Re(I) complexes discussed in this review are summarised to determine basic features and similarities among the structures that are important for their phototoxic activity and future investigations. We further examined the in vitro and in vivo efficacies of the Re(I) complexes that have been synthesised for anticancer purposes. We also discussed Re(I) complexes in conjunction with the advancement of two-photon PDT, drug combination study, nanomedicine, and photothermal therapy to overcome the limitation of such complexes, which generally absorb short wavelengths.
Highlights
Cancer has caused approximately 10 million deaths around the world [1]
It possesses a mean concentration of around 0.5 to 1 ppb in the earth’s crust, which is lesser than the other third-row concentration of around 0.5 to 1 ppb in the earth’s crust, which is lesser than the other third-row transition metals [80,81,82]
There have been unsuccessful attempts, examples illustrated in the current review anticancer activity was achieved by 15a, which displayed an IC50 of around 2 μM towards both cell have pointed out the possibility of improving the various photophysical and photochemical lines mentioned as compared to 15b (IC50 : 4 μM)
Summary
Cancer has caused approximately 10 million deaths around the world [1]. Despite the advancement in cancer diagnosis and therapy, it is still the second leading cause of death even in the United States [2]. Gemcitabine, and doxorubicin are some of the commonly prescribed chemotherapies for 2 of 23may limit Their poor cellular penetration and adverse side effects their therapeutic efficacy [11]. Can be used repetitively without causing resistance to tumourresistance or hypersensitivity to normal tissue, as a single or intissue, conjunction other without causing to tumour or hypersensitivity toagent normal as a with single agent or in anticancer therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy [24,25,26,27,28]. The insolubility, extensive clinical use tendency of PDT was the physiological environment, and requirement of a rich oxygen environment for the production of by the inherent weaknesses of common photosensitisers, such as water insolubility, aggregation singlet oxygen/ROS [30,31,32,33,34]. Account of the development of anticancer PDT and assesses the potential of Re(I) complexes as potent photosensitisers for PDT
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