Abstract
Polysaccharides derived from natural sources exhibit unique structures and functional groups, which have recently garnered them increased attention for their potential applicability as supports for metal catalysts. Renewable polysaccharide matrices were employed as supports for palladium complexes, with or without previous modification of the support, and were used in Suzuki cross-coupling of halobenzenes and phenylboronic acid derivatives. In this review, recent developments in the immobilization of palladium-based complexes are reported, including descriptions of the preparation procedures and catalytic activity of each system. In addition, the effects of the nature of the polymeric support and of the reaction conditions on catalytic performance are discussed.
Highlights
Coupling reactions can be categorized according to two main types, homo-coupling and cross-coupling, which refer to the interaction of two similar, and two different, molecules, respectively
The preparation of polysaccharide-supported catalysts for organic reactions, with or without the modification of the support, has attracted increased attention [69]. These include, for example, chitosan [70,71,72] and carrageenans [73,74], which were themselves used as catalysts, e.g., carrageenans with anionic sulfate groups in their structures were used as heterogeneous Lewis acid catalysts [74], and chitosan with added amine groups was used as a heterogeneous base in Michael addition [75]
Analysis was used the to detect different catalysts were employed in Suzuki cross-coupling under optimized conditions, e.g., catalyst the palladium content, and TG/DTG analysis was employed to test the thermal stability of the new loading, type and amount of base and temperature, using different chloro, bromo- and iodobenzenes composite
Summary
Wherein two different components interact in the presence of a catalyst to form a new bond, represent a highly important class of reactions in organic chemistry. Acyl Suzuki cross-coupling; and organoborons, and especially derivatives, were tested, yielding a of range an organoboron with an acylelectrophile, which replaces the holabenzenes, i.e., arylhalides This reaction involves the coupling of an organoboron with an acylelectrophile, which replaces in thethe of different activities [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. Numerous heterogeneous palladium-based catalysts, which can be recovered and recycled, were found to be very efficient in the Suzuki reaction These heterogeneous systems are usually prepared by deposition of a palladium salt on a highly porous support that has a large surface area, which is reduced to yield simple supported Pd(0) catalysts, like Pd/C [31], palladium on silica [32] or Pd/Y zeolite [33]. The Suzuki cross-coupling reaction was tested in different solvents, some greener like water or ionic liquids, and some without a solvent at all, by using either conventional heating (CV) or microwave irradiation (MW)
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