Abstract
Biomass can be used as an alternative feedstock for the production of fuels and valuable chemicals, which can alleviate the current global dependence on fossil resources. One of the biomass-derived molecules, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), has attracted great interest due to its broad applications in various fields. In particular, it is considered a potential substitute of petrochemical-derived terephthalic acid (PTA), and can be used for the preparation of valuable bio-based polyesters such as polyethylene furanoate (PEF). Therefore, significant attempts have been made for efficient production of FDCA and the catalytic chemical approach for FDCA production, typically from a biomass-derived platform molecule, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), over metal catalysts is the focus of great research attention. In this review, we provide a systematic critical overview of recent progress in the use of different metal-based catalysts for the catalytic aerobic oxidation of HMF to FDCA. Catalytic performance and reaction mechanisms are described and discussed to understand the details of this reaction. Special emphasis is also placed on the base-free system, which is a more green process considering the environmental aspect. Finally, conclusions are given and perspectives related to further development of the catalysts are also provided, for the potential production of FDCA on a large scale in an economical and environmentally friendly manner.
Highlights
The significantly growing demand for energy driven by an ever increasing global population and the strong economic growth in developing countries, the potential threats to the environment associated with the utilization of non-renewable fossil resources and difficulties with exploitation of the dwindling reserves have stimulated the research for alternative feedstocks that can be used for production of fuels and chemicals [1,2,3,4,5]
Owing to the fact no formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (FFCA) was centers and Au species of Au/CeO2 could accept a hydride from the C–H bond in alcohol or directly observed, the authors proposed that FFCA was transformed via the oxidation of HMFCA was in the corresponding alkoxide to form Ce–H and Au–H, with the simultaneous formation of a quickly transformed into furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) through the production of a second intermediate product, hemiacetal-2
The application of inexpensive transition-metal catalysts might offer promising prospects in the practical synthesis of FDCA, the main issue of the non-noble metal-based catalyst is the inferior selectivity for FDCA compared to the noble-metal analogues, based on currently reported methods
Summary
The significantly growing demand for energy driven by an ever increasing global population and the strong economic growth in developing countries, the potential threats to the environment associated with the utilization of non-renewable fossil resources (oil, coal and natural gas) and difficulties with exploitation of the dwindling reserves have stimulated the research for alternative feedstocks that can be used for production of fuels and chemicals [1,2,3,4,5]. Biomass is the only renewable carbon resource which can serve as a feedstock for the various carbon-containing chemicals and fuels that our society relies on [6]. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), being a furan derivative, has been recognized as an important compound in our foods and as a versatile platform molecule derived from biomass for bulk chemicals and fuels production [7]. We focus on one particular route, namely, etherification and decarbonylation (Scheme 1a) [8,9]. We focus on one particular route, the oxidation of HMF to a value-added chemical, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). HMF can be namely, the oxidation of HMF to a value-added chemical, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). HMF, and multitude of other components, i.e., formic acid, are normallyofrequired for the the formation productionofofaHMF, and the formation of a multitude of other levulinic acid and humin, is observed during the production of HMF, which hampers the purity components, i.e., formic acid, levulinic acid and humin, is observed during the production of and yieldwhich of HMF [10]. the purity and yield of HMF [10]
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