Abstract
When considering the forming characteristics of steel between room temperature and hot working temperature, a range between 500°C and 800°C has been found to be most suitable for warm working operations. However, when forging in this zone, various practical problems become apparent. With regard to the special problem of the tooling, for example, two solutions for an extrusion tool set are described. The paper considers the various factors in the industrial application of the warm working operation; the forging characteristics of steel at warm working temperatures, the metallurgical fundamentals, the forming processes and forging machinery, equipment for heating the billets, tooling requirements, and lubrication. In order to demonstrate that warm working is not restricted to research, and that it can also be an economical production method, eight typical workpieces, formed at warm working temperatures under industrial conditions, are presented and discussed. In this way it is shown that warm working can be applied succesfully in everyday practice.
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