Recent Developments in Extracellular Matrix Remodeling for Fat Grafting.

Xin Bi,Feng Lu,Jialiang Zou,Jianhua Gao,Ye Li,Ziqing Dong,Weizi Wu,Lingling Guo,Jing Zhao

doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.767362

Xin Bi, Feng Lu + Show 7 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.767362

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Abstract

Remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which provides structural and biochemical support for surrounding cells, is vital for adipose tissue regeneration after autologous fat grafting. Rapid and high-quality ECM remodeling can improve the retention rate after fat grafting by promoting neovascularization, regulating stem cells differentiation, and suppressing chronic inflammation. The degradation and deposition of ECM are regulated by various factors, including hypoxia, blood supply, inflammation, and stem cells. By contrast, ECM remodeling alters these regulatory factors, resulting in a dynamic relationship between them. Although researchers have attempted to identify the cellular sources of factors associated with tissue regeneration and regulation of the microenvironment, the factors and mechanisms that affect adipose tissue ECM remodeling remain incompletely understood. This review describes the process of adipose ECM remodeling after grafting and summarizes the factors that affect ECM reconstruction. Also, this review provides an overview of the clinical methods to avoid poor ECM remodeling. These findings may provide new ideas for improving the retention of adipose tissue after fat transplantation.

Highlights

Autologous fat grafting, which is widely used to augment volume and restore contour during softtissue reconstruction (Geeroms et al, 2019), has multiple advantages, including being minimally invasive, readily available, and inexpensive (Spear et al, 2016)
This review summarized the sources of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling after fat grafting, as well as the mechanisms by which the ECM
Interacts with surrounding cells and microenvironments during the process of fat regeneration. These results provide a greater understanding of the application of fat repair and regeneration after grafting

Summary

INTRODUCTION

Autologous fat grafting, which is widely used to augment volume and restore contour during softtissue reconstruction (Geeroms et al, 2019), has multiple advantages, including being minimally invasive, readily available, and inexpensive (Spear et al, 2016). Adipose ECM is comprised of complex structural and functional proteins, including collagen types I–VII, XVIII; non-collagenous proteins such as osteopontin, hyaluronan, and thrombospondin; and various types of adhesion proteins, such as fibronectin, laminin, proteoglycans, and elastins (Alkhouli et al, 2013; Aikio et al, 2014; Saunders et al, 2015; McKee et al, 2019). Type IV collagen, which is located below the vascular endothelial cell layer and acts as the basement membrane of the adipocyte region, provides binding sites for bioactive molecules, regulates cell behavior, and plays other important roles as a structural and functional protein (Streuli, 1999; Brown et al, 2011). Laminin is a major component of the basement membrane, along with collagen I and collagen IV, spreading tightly over adipocytes (Vaicik et al, 2014; Zhang et al, 2020)

Adipose Extracellular Matrix Remodeling Process After Fat Grafting

Hypoxia and Inflammation

Angiogenesis

Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

CLINICAL AVOIDANCE OF POOR EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX REMODELING AFTER GRAFTING

CONCLUSION