Abstract
Appearance potential spectroscopy measures the probability for the creation of a hole in an inner atomic shell as a function of electron bombardment energy. The spectrum of excitation thresholds provides a simple means of examining the elemental composition in the surface region of a solid. Near threshold the excitation transitions indirectly probe the unoccupied conduction band states. The localized core state, however, overlaps only part of the conduction band, and the line shapes are thus related to a very local density of states. The interpretation is complicated by broadening introduced by the finite lifetime of the core hole, variations in the magnitude of the atomic matrix elements which suppress some thresholds, and the screening response of the conduction electrons to the suddenly altered core potential. These problems are illustrated by spectra of Th, Nb, Re, SC 2O 3, Ni, and Si surfaces. Distinct spectral characteristics related to crystallographic orientation are reported for nickel single crystals.
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