Abstract
Volcanic ash is a well-known hazard to population, infrastructure, and commercial and civil aviation. Early assessment of the parameters that control the development and evolution of volcanic plumes is crucial to effective risk mitigation. Acoustic infrasound is a ground-based remote sensing technique—increasingly popular in the past two decades—that allows rapid estimates of eruption source parameters, including fluid flow velocities and volume flow rates of erupted material. The rate at which material is ejected from volcanic vents during eruptions, is one of the main inputs into models of atmospheric ash transport used to dispatch aviation warnings during eruptive crises. During explosive activity at volcanoes, the injection of hot gas-laden pyroclasts into the atmosphere generates acoustic waves that are recorded at local, regional and global scale. Within the framework of linear acoustic theory, infrasound sources can be modelled as multipole series, and acoustic pressure waveforms can be inverted to obtain the time history of volume flow at the vent. Here, we review near-field (<10 km from the vent) linear acoustic wave theory and its applications to the assessment of eruption source parameters. We evaluate recent advances in volcano infrasound modelling and inversion, and comment on the advantages and current limitations of these methods. We review published case studies from different volcanoes and show applications to new data that provide a benchmark for future acoustic infrasound studies.
Highlights
10% of the Earth’s population live under the direct threat of one of 1508 active volcanoes [1,2]
Under the assumptions of compact acoustic sources and that far-field volcano infrasound propagates in half-space, the transient solutions to the wave equation for monopole, and horizontal and vertical dipole radiation at distance r from the source can be written as: pm(r, t) ph(r, t)
We have presented a comprehensive overview of the most recent developments in the use of acoustic infrasound to assess volcanic emissions, and discussed the theoretical framework of linear acoustic wave theory and its application to volcanic explosions
Summary
10% of the Earth’s population live under the direct threat of one of 1508 active volcanoes [1,2]. A substantial body of literature demonstrate the use of infrasound to detect, locate and track explosive volcanic eruptions, and its potential to provide estimates of eruption source parameters to inform volcanic plume rise and ash dispersal modelling [17,18,19,20,21,22,23]. In this manuscript, we provide a review of past work in the field of volcano infrasound, and describe recent developments of its use to assess eruption source parameters. We offer a perspective on the potential for use of acoustic infrasound in real-time volcano monitoring
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