Abstract
The accurate analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) holds great promise in early diagnosis and prognosis of cancers. However, the extremely low abundance of CTCs in peripheral blood samples limits the practical utility of the traditional methods for CTCs detection. Thus, novel and powerful strategies have been proposed for sensitive detection of CTCs. In particular, nanomaterials with exceptional physical and chemical properties have been used to fabricate cytosensors for amplifying the signal and enhancing the sensitivity. In this review, we summarize the recent development of nanomaterials-based optical and electrochemical analytical techniques for CTCs detection, including fluorescence, colorimetry, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, chemiluminescence, electrochemistry, electrochemiluminescence, photoelectrochemistry and so on.
Highlights
Tumor metastasis results in about 90% of cancer mortality
Detection of cell concentration was converted into the assay of complementary DNA, which could be detected by various powerful DNA-based signal amplification strategies, such as catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) and free-running DNA walkers [218,219]
graphene oxide (GO) AuNPs Non-spherical AuNPs Au nanoisland Ag@BSA microspheres 3D-structured microspheres assembled from CNSs and AuNPs MnFePBA@AuNP NiCoPBA 2D MoS2 TiO2 nanotubes@reduced graphene oxide (rGO) Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) covalent organic framework (COF) Au NSs
Summary
Tumor metastasis results in about 90% of cancer mortality. Since Ashworth first proposed the concept of rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in 1869, it has been growingly accepted with increasing evidences during the past ten years [1]. CTCs originate from the primary tumor cells and enter into the peripheral blood They are the precursors of metastasis and have been found in many cancer types such as breast, prostate, lung and colorectal cancer [2,3,4]. Sensitive analysis and specific identification of CTCs in peripheral blood samples are beneficial to early diagnosis, prognosis and treatment efficacy evaluation of cancers. This has prompted intensive efforts into the development of efficient methods for the capture and detection of CTCs. the abundance of CTCs in the blood is extremely low (a few to hundreds per mL) alongside with a large number of hematologic cells (109 cell per mL) [7,8]. Efficient capture and sensitive detection of CTCs from blood still remain a tremendous challenge
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