Abstract
X-ray imaging is a low-cost, powerful technology that has been extensively used in medical diagnosis and industrial nondestructive inspection. The ability of X-rays to penetrate through the body presents great advances for noninvasive imaging of its internal structure. In particular, the technological importance of X-ray imaging has led to the rapid development of high-performance X-ray detectors and the associated imaging applications. Here, we present an overview of the recent development of X-ray imaging-related technologies since the discovery of X-rays in the 1890s and discuss the fundamental mechanism of diverse X-ray imaging instruments, as well as their advantages and disadvantages on X-ray imaging performance. We also highlight various applications of advanced X-ray imaging in a diversity of fields. We further discuss future research directions and challenges in developing advanced next-generation materials that are crucial to the fabrication of flexible, low-dose, high-resolution X-ray imaging detectors.
Highlights
X-rays are a type of ionizing radiation with a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nm [1, 2]
X-ray imaging technology has been rapidly developed for various applications since 1895, offering new opportunities to scientific and industrial communities
Considering the fundamental and technical advances of X-ray detectors, we have summarized various X-ray working mechanisms that are crucial for specialized applications
Summary
X-rays are a type of ionizing radiation with a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nm [1, 2]. The advances in X-ray imaging have stimulated the progress in diagnostic radiography technologies, physically describing the skeleton, including fractures, luxation, bone disease, and the location of foreign matters [11, 12]. Such imaging information is useful for guiding the surgery [13]. The X-ray detector is placed behind objects to record the transmitted X-rays for producing an X-ray pattern (Figure 1(a), right panel) This pattern is subsequently converted into a visible twodimensional (2D) radiographic image or three-dimensional radiographic image through tomography. This review is ended with a perspective on the further development direction of X-ray radiography
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