Abstract
The main issue in landfilling in developing countries is the management of leachate. Leachate is rich in organic compounds, ammonia, heavy metals, and other hazardous chemicals. COD, colour, and NH3-N, are among the problematic parameters that are difficult to be completely removed. The treatments depend on leachate characteristics, operation and capital costs, and regulations. The development of holistic solutions to leachate-related problems has been widely promoted. Multiple-stage treatments in the form of physical, biological, chemical, and combination methods are always necessary. This paper discusses issues on landfill technology and recent techniques for the treatment of the leachate. The low biodegradability and high COD, colour, and NH3-N content of leachate treatment peculiar to semi-aerobic landfills in developing countries, especially in Malaysia, is described. Some of the challenging issues in overall leachate treatment processes are also elucidated.
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