Abstract
Articular cartilage is susceptible to damage, but its self-repair is hindered by its avascular nature. Traditional treatment methods are not able to achieve satisfactory repair effects, and the development of tissue engineering techniques has shed new light on cartilage regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of the most commonly used seed cells in cartilage tissue engineering. However, MSCs tend to lose their multipotency, and the composition and structure of cartilage-like tissues formed by MSCs are far from those of native cartilage. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop strategies that promote MSC chondrogenic differentiation to give rise to durable and phenotypically correct regenerated cartilage. This review provides an overview of recent advances in enhancement strategies for MSC chondrogenic differentiation, including optimization of bioactive factors, culture conditions, cell type selection, coculture, gene editing, scaffolds, and physical stimulation. This review will aid the further understanding of the MSC chondrogenic differentiation process and enable improvement of MSC-based cartilage tissue engineering.
Highlights
Articular cartilage damage is commonly seen in clinical practice and is often caused by trauma, progressive osteoarthritis (OA), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Fan et al demonstrated that ghrelin, called the “hunger hormone,” significantly promoted rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) chondrogenic differentiation, as evidenced by the upregulated expression of COL II, SOX9, and ACAN and enhanced accumulation of collagen and GAGs in vitro, which may be related to increased intracellular phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and DNMT3A
We summarized the recent research progress in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) chondrogenic differentiation modulation, including optimization of bioactive factors, culture conditions, cell type selection, coculture, gene editing, scaffolds, and physical stimulation
Summary
Articular cartilage damage is commonly seen in clinical practice and is often caused by trauma, progressive osteoarthritis (OA), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Common methods used for articular cartilage regeneration are microfracture [2], particulated articular cartilage implantation [3], osteochondral allograft or autograft transplantation [4, 5], and autologous chondrocyte implantation [6]. These techniques are limited in their ability to form hyaline cartilage. Stem Cells International clinical trials employing MSCs for articular cartilage regeneration have been reported. We described the chondrogenic differentiation process of MSCs and summarized the recent advances in enhancement strategies for MSC chondrogenic differentiation, including optimization of bioactive factors (Table 1), culture conditions, cell type selection, coculture, gene editing, scaffolds, and physical stimulation (Table 2). This review will help to improve the therapeutic effect of MSC-based therapy for cartilage regeneration
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