Abstract
Cartilage lesions of the knee are common disorders affecting people of all ages; as the lesion progresses, it extends to the underlying subchondral bone and an osteochondral defect appears. Osteochondral (OC) tissue compromises soft cartilage over hard subchondral bone with a calcified cartilage interface between these two tissues. Osteochondral defects can be caused by numerous factors such as trauma and arthritis. Tissue engineering offers the possibility of a sustainable and effective treatment against osteochondral defects, where the damaged tissue is replaced with a long-lasting bio-manufactured replacement tissue. This review evaluates both bi-phasic and multi-phasic scaffold-based approaches of osteochondral tissue regeneration, highlighting the importance of having an interface layer between the bone and cartilage layer. The significance of a biomimetic approach is also evidenced and shown to be more effective than the more homogenous design approach to osteochondral scaffold design. Recent scaffold materials and manufacturing techniques are reviewed as well as the current clinical progress with osteochondral regeneration scaffolds.
Highlights
Partial- and full-thickness lesions of the knee cartilage are conditions affecting people of all ages.There are many reasons for these lesions, e.g., traumatic injuries, chronic repetitive micro-trauma, and ageing [1]
This review will aim to cover a large range of scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches that will be used to regenerate bone and cartilage tissue damaged by osteochondral defects
One major focus of these multi-phasic scaffolds is the interface between the cartilage and bone the layer of the scaffold that would mimic what the calcified cartilage zone (CCZ) found in natural osteochondral tissue
Summary
Partial- and full-thickness lesions of the knee cartilage are conditions affecting people of all ages. Current clinical approaches for repairing cartilage include autografts, allografts, micro-fracture, autologous chondrocyte implantation and mosaicplasty. These methods are not completely successful due to the low quality of the new-formed tissue and the lack of restoration of the biomechanical functions [4]. This review will aim to cover a large range of scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches that will be used to regenerate bone and cartilage tissue damaged by osteochondral defects. This review intends to evaluate the most promising recent approaches towards scaffold design and current clinical approaches for treating osteochondral defects reported in the lastscaffold. This review intends to evaluate the most promising recent approaches towards and materials for osteochondral scaffolds scaffold manufacturing techniques will be discussed. Materials for osteochondral scaffolds and scaffold manufacturing techniques will be discussed
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