Recent Analytical Methodologies for the Determination of Omeprazole and/or Its Active Isomer Esomeprazole in Different Matrices: A Critical Review

Abstract

The presented work comprehensively discusses omeprazole (OMZ) and its S-active isomer (esomeprazole, ESZ) different methods of analysis indexed in Web of science, Scopus and Pub-med from 2016 till now. Chromatographic methods with different detectors each to fulfill the aim of the analysis were discussed. These chromatographic methods aimed to analyze OMZ and ESZ in biological fluids in presence of other drugs and metabolites for studying drug kinetics or drug-drug interaction and enzyme polymorphism. Moreover, in-vitro chromatographic methods were discussed for analyzing OMZ and ESZ in pharmaceuticals alone or in presence of other drugs. In addition, different chiral chromatographic methods separating the two enantiomers of OMZ (R-OMZ and ESZ) alone or with other chiral drugs or chiral impurities have been thoroughly discussed where no previous reviews have dealt with the chiral separation methods for OMZ and ESZ. Also, environmental analysis of OMZ and ESZ in various environmental samples was found as they are from the most popular drugs used and there is a high incidence that they may be present in wastewater. Moreover, reported spectroscopic and electrochemical methods for OMZ and ESZ analysis were discussed showing the structural features of OMZ/ESZ that lead to their successful analysis using spectroscopy and electrochemistry. Finally, the important figures of merit of all the discussed articles are shown in comprehensive tables and the article comprises 4 sections (chromatographic, electrochemical, spectroscopic and miscellaneous methods) and 7 tables.