Abstract
The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) consists of two species and various subspecies of closely related viruses of varying antigenicity, cytopathology, and virulence-induced pathogenesis. Despite the great ongoing efforts to control and prevent BVDV outbreaks and the emergence of new variants, outbreaks still reported throughout the world. In this review, we are focusing on the molecular biology of BVDV, its molecular pathogenesis, and the immune response of the host against the viral infection. Special attention was paid to discuss some immune evasion strategies adopted by the BVDV to hijack the host immune system to ensure the success of virus replication. Vaccination is one of the main strategies for prophylaxis and contributes to the control and eradication of many viral diseases including BVDV. We discussed the recent advances of various types of currently available classical and modern BVDV vaccines. However, with the emergence of new strains and variants of the virus, it is urgent to find some other novel targets for BVDV vaccines that may overcome the drawbacks of some of the currently used vaccines. Effective vaccination strategy mainly based on the preparation of vaccines from the homologous circulating strains. The BVDV-E2 protein plays important role in viral infection and pathogenesis. We mapped some important potential neutralizing epitopes among some BVDV genomes especially the E2 protein. These novel epitopes could be promising targets against the currently circulating strains of BVDV. More research is needed to further explore the actual roles of these epitopes as novel targets for the development of novel vaccines against BVDV. These potential vaccines may contribute to the global eradication campaign of the BVDV.
Highlights
bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important viruses affecting bovine species throughout the world [1,2,3,4]
The BVDV genome is ∼12.3 kilo-bases in size and it consists of a single open reading frame (ORF) flanked by short 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions (UTRs) [16]
Three regions are usually targeted for genotyping of Pestivirus the 5′UTR, which contains intra-species and inter-species conserved motifs, and the Npro region, which is a unique region to Pestiviruses [14]
Summary
BVDV is one of the most important viruses affecting bovine species throughout the world [1,2,3,4]. The BVDV belongs to the genus Pestivirus in the family Flaviviridae, which includes other viruses affecting sheep and swine species (border disease virus and classical swine fever virus, respectively) [13]. Both genotyping and serotyping are effective tools for variation mapping and classification of BVDV [14]. The HoBi-like virus was recently identified in Europe from the fetal bovine sera imported from Brazil [14] This virus was potentially classified as one of the atypical pestiviruses or belong to the BVD-3 serotypes [14]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
