Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is exponentially spreading across the world, leading to an outbreak of serious viral pneumonia. Antiviral therapies using chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and favipiravir have been approved by several countries to increase the quality of life of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Currently, several companies are intensively working on the production of coronavirus (CoV) vaccines, resulting in some specific vaccines that have been approved for CoV infections in humans. Nevertheless, efficient and specific prevention, treatment, and diagnosis are urgently required to combat the biological diversity and rapid mutation in CoV infections. Recently, significant attention has devoted to nanoformulation or nanoparticles (NPs) due to their specific features like high surface-to-volume ratio, drug encapsulation abilities, and specific optical properties to remove the complications of applied conventional therapeutic and diagnosis options. In this regard, NPs are increasingly used as new anti-CoV agents, vaccine carriers or adjuvants, and nanoscale biorecognition elements. The present review article provides a comprehensive discussion on the recent updates regarding the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of different CoV infections with an emphasis on the application of NPs in vaccination, treatment, and diagnosis of CoV infections.
Highlights
Infections with coronaviruses (CoVs) have been on top of the list of leading mortality causes in recent decades
The results revealed that just heterologous prime-boost immunization and homologous immunization with S protein NPs can induce Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV- neutralizing antibodies
Combating CoV infections is an enormous challenge for healthcare systems, primarily due to its high transmittance rate, and the virus potential to survive through multiple mutations
Summary
Infections with coronaviruses (CoVs) have been on top of the list of leading mortality causes in recent decades. The nanotechnology-based formulations are the promising developing formulations which are benefited from eminent features such as high surface to volume ratio, easy surface modification, enhanced physicochemical stability, specific optical properties, and targeted and controlled release capabilities that can lead to lower toxicity and higher efficacy, making them more favorable for the effective prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of viral infections, especially CoV infections [6]. The current review is focused on the potential use of nanotechnology for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of CoV infections. Most of these studies are at primary steps but their outcomes are promising
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