Abstract
Significant progress on upconversion‐nanoparticle (UCNP)‐based probes is witnessed in recent years. Compared with traditional fluorescent probes (e.g., organic dyes, metal complexes, or inorganic quantum dots), UCNPs have many advantages such as non‐autofluorescence, high chemical stability, large light‐penetration depth, long lifetime, and less damage to samples. This article focuses on recent achievements in the usage of lanthanide‐doped UCNPs as efficient probes for biodetection since 2014. The mechanisms of upconversion as well as the luminescence resonance energy transfer process is introduced first, followed by a detailed summary on the recent researches of UCNP‐based biodetections including the detection of inorganic ions, gas molecules, reactive oxygen species, and thiols and hydrogen sulfide.
Highlights
Significant progress on upconversion-nanoparticle (UCNP)-based probes organic dyes are normally very short,[12] which is very difficult to is witnessed in recent years
Many research groups found that upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP)-based upconversion as well as the luminescence resonance energy transfer process probes are promising and could be one is introduced first, followed by a detailed summary on the recent researches of UCNP-based biodetections including the detection of inorganic ions, gas molecules, reactive oxygen species, and thiols and hydrogen sulfide
We mainly focus on recent achievements on the usage of lanthanide-doped UCNPs as efficient probes for biodetection since 2014
Summary
There are three main upconversion mechanisms: (a) excitedstate absorption (ESA), (b) energy transfer upconversion (ETU), and (c) photon avalanche (PA),[46,47,48] which are discussed in detail
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