Abstract
BackgroundHepatic first-pass metabolism and poor therapeutic efficiency at targeted region are the endemic problems of new drug molecules. Thus, comprehensive research has been carried out on the novel vesicular drug delivery systems in nanotechnology from the last few years. These nano-carrier systems have developed to overcome the limitations that are associated with hepatic first-pass metabolism in conventional oral dosage forms and the barrier properties of the lipid bilayer in stratum corneum via transdermal drug delivery for improving the bioavailability of various drugs.Main bodyIn recent years, several targeted vesicular drug delivery carriers are developing like liposomes, niosomes, proniosomes, transferosomes, ethosomes, and electrosomes. Among them, niosomes and proniosomes are to be better carriers to increase therapeutic efficiency and bioavailability by reducing the side effects and acting as a promising approach for transdermal drug delivery. Both are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles and are amphiphilic. This article concisely reviews the possible mechanisms within niosomes and pronisomes to enhance transdermal drug delivery, types, composition, preparation techniques, characterizations, and its applications.ConclusionAs per the researches done in the formulation of various nano-carrier systems through transdermal approach for the enhancement of bioavailability, it can be stated that the hepatic first pass metabolism can be reduced as well as therapeutic efficiency can be increased by many folds compared to their oral marketed formulations.
Highlights
Niosomes are the microscopic lamellar structures in an emerging drug delivery system, composed of nonionic alkyl or polyglycerol etheric surfactant and cholesterol in an aqueous medium
As per the researches done in the formulation of various nano-carrier systems through transdermal approach for the enhancement of bioavailability, it can be stated that the hepatic first pass metabolism can be reduced as well as therapeutic efficiency can be increased by many folds compared to their oral marketed formulations
The phenomenon of targeting drug delivery systems is to deliver the drug in the body in such a manner that it should show its action to the targeted desired site to achieve the therapeutic response, i.e., where its action should be needed by limiting undesirable interaction to non-targeted tissues
Summary
The transdermal drug delivery system was found to be an effective way to overcome the problems associated with conventional oral dosage forms such as poor bioavailability, frequency of high dosing, and untargeted drug action. Further investigations in recent years have led to the development of a new versatile non-ionic surfactantbased vesicular approach for efficient drug delivery through the skin such as niosomes and proniosomes. These vesicles have explored with a wide range of applications in the delivery of anti-inflammatory (Ammonium glycyrrhizinate [124]), anti-cancer (Vincristine [125]), anti-viral (Tenofovir [126]), etc., by reducing side effects, enhancing penetration of drugs through skin and bioavailability. This review explains brief information regarding their structure, composition, advantages, disadvantages, their role as percutaneous permeation enhancer, and their recent applications in transdermal drug delivery They have a promising approach to deliver the drug in a controlled and sustained manner.
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