Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) still remains a major global public health problem. One-half to one-third of the total HBV infected people died due to late detection of HBV. Serological antigen and viral HBV detections can help in the diagnosis, referral, and treatment of HBV. Available methods for HBV detection mostly used bulky instruments. Miniaturization of devices for HBV detection has been started by narrowing down the size of the devices. Several methods have also been proposed to increase the selectivity and sensitivity of the miniaturized methods, such as sandwich recognition of the biomarkers and the use of nano- to micro-sized materials. This review presents recent HBV detections in the last two decades from laboratory-based instruments towards microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) for point-of-care testing (POCT) purposes. Early and routine analysis to detect HBV as early as possible could be achieved by POCT, especially for areas with limited access to a central laboratory and/or medical facilities.
Highlights
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is known as a type of hepatitis that can cause acute and chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
AuNPs-50 and AuNPs-100 were labeled with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and polyclonal antiHBsAg (pAb) of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), respectively. e immunological reaction took place after incubation; the hydrodynamic size of the immunocomplex was measured using a dynamic light scattering (DLS) instrument. e hydrodynamic size of the immunocomplex corresponded to the concentration of HBsAg as the more HBsAg could attach to the pAb epitope sites. e linearity and detection limit of the proposed method were 0.005–1 IU·mL−1 and 0.005 IU·mL−1, respectively [36]
Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been tremendously used as the standard method to quantify HBV DNA
Summary
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is known as a type of hepatitis that can cause acute and chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Even though the average prevalence rate decreases every year and HBV vaccines are currently available, HBV is still a major health problem worldwide It is because of its easiness transmission through sexual contact and body fluids contact, especially blood. Over the last two decades, researchers have developed other methods employing advanced technologies to improve HBV detection in many ways. E transformation aimed to provide alternative methods to detect HBV to be more accurate, rapid, robust, and userfriendly and less waste-producing and more affordable and biodegradable devices leading to POCT devices. The articles discussing the potential point of care testing (POCT) method such as paper-based analytical devices (PADs) for detecting hepatitis B were still very few, which is only about 5 articles published since 2015. This review is important as a trigger to other researchers to develop POCT using PADs platform because it is affordable, easy-to-use, and suitable in the most developing countries
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