Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, causing approximately 17.9 million deaths annually, an estimated 31% of all deaths, according to the WHO. CVDs are essentially rooted in atherosclerosis and are clinically classified into coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disorders. Current clinical interventions include early diagnosis, the insertion of stents, and long-term preventive therapy. However, clinical diagnostic and therapeutic tools are subject to a number of limitations including, but not limited to, potential toxicity induced by contrast agents and unexpected bleeding caused by anti-platelet drugs. Nanomedicine has achieved great advancements in biomedical area. Among them, cell membrane coated nanoparticles, denoted as CMCNPs, have acquired enormous expectations due to their biomimetic properties. Such membrane coating technology not only helps avoid immune clearance, but also endows nanoparticles with diverse cellular and functional mimicry. In this review, we will describe the superiorities of CMCNPs in treating cardiovascular diseases and their potentials in optimizing current clinical managements.
Highlights
For any Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) event or subsequent revascularization in the year after myocardial infarction [10], side effects, for example bleeding events induced by dual antiplatelet therapy in treating acute coronary heart syndrome [11], and a high frequency of adverse drug reactions (~20%) [12], remain challenging. This is especially true for small-molecule based agents, which are organic compounds influencing molecule pathways by targeting vital functional proteins displayed on blood vessels and the heart; off-target toxicities, systemic degradation, short half-life and low bioavailability hinder clinical treatment [13,14,15]
Through highlighting the bottlenecks of clinical medications and conventional nanomedicine in chronological sequence, we demonstrate the superiority of CMCNPs in treating CVDs
Thrombosis is defined as the formation of a blood clot within the vascular system, Thrombosis is defined as theblood formation of a blood cloteventually within thelead vascular system, which severely obstructs normal circulation and may to myocardial which severely obstructs normal blood circulation and may eventually lead to myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. For any CVD event or subsequent revascularization in the year after myocardial infarction [10], side effects, for example bleeding events (occurring in around 1-8%) induced by dual antiplatelet therapy in treating acute coronary heart syndrome [11], and a high frequency of adverse drug reactions (~20%) [12], remain challenging This is especially true for small-molecule based agents, which are organic compounds influencing molecule pathways by targeting vital functional proteins displayed on blood vessels and the heart; off-target toxicities, systemic degradation, short half-life and low bioavailability hinder clinical treatment [13,14,15]. As far as we know, it is the first work that describes the evolution of CVDs treatments—from clinical medications, to conventional nanomedicine, and to CMCNPs, with a special focus on CMCNPs
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