Abstract
Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPMNPs) have attracted interest for various biomedical applications due to their unique magnetic behavior, excellent biocompatibility, easy surface modification, and low cost. Their unique magnetic properties, superparamagnetism, and magnetophoretic mobility have led to their inclusion in immunoassays to enhance biosensor sensitivity and allow for rapid detection of various analytes. In this review, we describe SPMNP characteristics valuable for incorporation into biosensors, including the use of SPMNPs to increase detection capabilities of surface plasmon resonance and giant magneto-resistive biosensors. The current status of SPMNP-based immunoassays to improve the sensitivity of rapid diagnostic tests is reviewed, and suggested strategies for the successful adoption of SPMNPs for immunoassays are presented.
Highlights
Nanotechnology is providing exciting new capabilities for research in materials science, biomedical engineering, and environmental engineering
Localized heating using Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPMNPs) has been used in nonmedical applications such as precision polymer gelation[14]
This review focuses first on the characteristics of SPMNPs that are relevant for biosensor applications and describes biosensors currently in development for SPMNP-based immunoassays
Summary
Nanotechnology is providing exciting new capabilities for research in materials science, biomedical engineering, and environmental engineering. In addition to increased stability, polymeric coatings can provide other functions to improve immunoassay performance Responsive polymers, such as pNIPAm, have been conjugated to SPMNPs to purify and to concentrate AuNPimmune complexes, as described above for detection of malaria antigens.[22] gold-magnetite composite nanoparticles coated with poly(acrylic acid) were conjugated with Treponema pallidum (Tp) antigens and used to detect the presence of anti-. SPMNPs and the anticancer drug doxorubicin were coencapsulated with a biocompatible amphiphilic block copolymer and conjugated with an antibody recognizing the breast cancer antigen HER2 These were able to detect breast cancer cells by magnetic resonance imaging and demonstrated high sensitivity in mice,[79] suggesting the approach may be useful for immunoassays as well. Previous studies successfully regenerated SPMNPs immunoassays by these simple steps[54,55,78,80] (Figure 5)
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