Abstract
Nonspecific protein adsorption impedes the sustainability of materials in biologically related applications. Such adsorption activates the immune system by quick identification of allogeneic materials and triggers a rejection, resulting in the rapid failure of implant materials and drugs. Antifouling materials have been rapidly developed in the past 20 years, from natural polysaccharides (such as dextran) to synthetic polymers (such as polyethylene glycol, PEG). However, recent studies have shown that traditional antifouling materials, including PEG, still fail to overcome the challenges of a complex human environment. Zwitterionic materials are a class of materials that contain both cationic and anionic groups, with their overall charge being neutral. Compared with PEG materials, zwitterionic materials have much stronger hydration, which is considered the most important factor for antifouling. Among zwitterionic materials, zwitterionic hydrogels have excellent structural stability and controllable regulation capabilities for various biomedical scenarios. Here, we first describe the mechanism and structure of zwitterionic materials. Following the preparation and property of zwitterionic hydrogels, recent advances in zwitterionic hydrogels in various biomedical applications are reviewed.
Highlights
Introduction iationsHydrogels are crosslinked hydrophilic polymer networks that retain large amounts of water, which are widely used in biocompatible implant devices, biosensors, drug delivery systems, wound care, and many other aspects due to their high biocompatible, tunable mechanical properties, and excellent permeability [1]
Wound healingand effects, the corporation of zwitterionic hydrogel and assisZwitterionic hydrogels have agents, alreadyand beenantioxidants involved inare much more complex bi tant factors such as growth factors, antimicrobial widely used in recent wound healing research
The zwitterionic hydrogels, includinghydrogel antifouling properties, biocompatibility anomeric hydrogens of α-D-glucopyranose can be attacked by free radicals which polyelectrolyte effect, high ion conductivity, self-healing, andeasily, super-lubrication, a provide dextran scavenging capacity against the hydroxyl radical
Summary
While water molecules on the PEG surface tend to be directional [20]. The bound materials water on theare surface of zwitterions is more to bulk and has Zwitterionic a class of materials thatsimilar contain bothwater cationic and anion higher degrees of freedom (increased initial S to decrease ∆S) These hydration characterisgroups, with no overall charge (neutral). For the la nium group [21,22,23,24]; (2) sulfobetaine or carboxybetaine with a quaternary ammonium group one, the polymer chain is electrically neutral as a whole, and whether the positive a and a terminal carboxyl or sulfonic group [25,26,27,28]; (3) zwitterionic polyampholytes [29]. EKEKEKEK (K: lysine; E: glutamic acid) fragment or EEEEKKKK both showed antifouling property, while in a multivalent ionic solution, only peptides with EKEKEKEK showed For the first This two kinds ofthe materials, each cations side-chain polymer an equal antifouling.
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