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Abstract
Neutrophils have long been regarded as key effectors of the innate immune response during acute inflammation. Recent evidence has revealed a greater functional diversity for these cells than previously appreciated, expanding roles for neutrophils in adaptive immunity and chronic pathologies. In this review, we summarize some of the evolving paradigms in the neutrophil field and highlight key advances that have contributed to our understanding of neutrophil behavior and function in vivo. We examine the concept of neutrophil subsets and polarization, we discuss novel immunomodulatory roles for neutrophils in shaping the immune response, and, finally, we identify technical advances that will further enhance our ability to track the function and fate of neutrophils.
Highlights
Neutrophils are the predominant leukocyte population in human blood and are known as key first responders to sites of injury and infection. Their protection against invading pathogens has been well described with their ability to phagocytose combined with their production and release of reactive oxygen species, proteases, and extracellular traps[1]
This review aims to highlight some of these emerging concepts and technical advances that have enhanced our understanding of neutrophil function
These leading neutrophils serve as a beacon of sorts to locally amplify neutrophil recruitment to the injury more precisely. This mechanism is observed during infection[3]. This new evidence highlights the important role that neutrophils play in shaping the type of immune response locally at the site of inflammation
Summary
Neutrophils are the predominant leukocyte population in human blood and are known as key first responders to sites of injury and infection. This new evidence highlights the important role that neutrophils play in shaping the type of immune response locally at the site of inflammation In addition to this guiding mechanism, neutrophils can play an immunomodulatory role by priming or activating immune cells to promote an effector function. Combinations of these platforms, including single-cell sequencing approaches, have recently been employed to characterize myeloid progenitor and myeloid populations including neutrophils, defining signatures for different subsets[62,102,103,104] These techniques could provide additional context to functional differences between neutrophil subsets within a particular inflammatory setting, such as N1 and N2 neutrophils within the tumor microenvironment.
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