Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly lethal zoonotic paramyxovirus that emerged at the end of last century as a human pathogen capable of causing severe acute respiratory infection and encephalitis. Although NiV provokes serious diseases in numerous mammalian species, the infection seems to be asymptomatic in NiV natural hosts, the fruit bats, which provide a continuous virus source for further outbreaks. Consecutive human-to-human transmission has been frequently observed during outbreaks in Bangladesh and India. NiV was shown to interfere with the innate immune response and interferon type I signaling, restraining the anti-viral response and permitting viral spread. Studies of adaptive immunity in infected patients and animal models have suggested an unbalanced immune response during NiV infection. Here, we summarize some of the recent studies of NiV pathogenesis and NiV-induced modulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as the development of novel prophylactic and therapeutic approaches, necessary to control this highly lethal emerging infection.
Highlights
Emerging infectious diseases pose a significant threat to human and animal welfare in the world
Nipah virus (NiV) infection remains rare in humans, this virus has captured the attention of both scientific and public health communities because of its high fatality rate, ranging from 40% in Malaysia to more than 90% in Bangladesh and India, where it was associated with frequent person-toperson transmission[4,5]
New strategies to control Nipah virus infection Several vaccine development strategies have recently been studied in small-animal models, including chimeric rabiesbased[88], virus-like particle (VLP)-based[89], adenovirus-based[90], and epitope-based[91,92] vaccines
Summary
Emerging infectious diseases pose a significant threat to human and animal welfare in the world. New strategies to control Nipah virus infection Several vaccine development strategies have recently been studied in small-animal models, including chimeric rabiesbased[88], virus-like particle (VLP)-based[89], adenovirus-based[90], and epitope-based[91,92] vaccines Those approaches induced a protection against NiV by triggering a specific response against its envelope glycoprotein G that will require further development using non-human primates to evaluate their efficiency and safety. A plausible explanation of the mechanism involved in the generation of this fast protection could be the stimulation of the host’s innate immune response, inhibiting viral replication and allowing the development of a virus-specific adaptive immune response This recent work and previous reports highlight the importance of the humoral immune response and the protective role of antibodies directed against viral proteins in the control of NiV infection. Clinical trials of this drug against Ebola virus have recently been started in democratic republic of Congo[106] and a similar approach will be required for the evaluation of remdesivir against NiV
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