Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) comprise a group of chemical compounds consisting of two or more fused benzene rings. PAHs exhibit hydrophobicity and low water solubility, while some of their members are toxic substances resistant to degradation. Due to their low levels in environmental matrices, a preconcentration step is usually required for their determination. Nowadays, there is a wide variety of sample preparation techniques, including micro-extraction techniques (e.g., solid-phase microextraction and liquid phase microextraction) and miniaturized extraction techniques (e.g., dispersive solid-phase extraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, fabric phase sorptive extraction etc.). Compared to the conventional sample preparation techniques, these novel techniques show some benefits, including reduced organic solvent consumption, while they are time and cost efficient. A plethora of adsorbents, such as metal-organic frameworks, carbon-based materials and molecularly imprinted polymers, have been successfully coupled with a wide variety of extraction techniques. This review focuses on the recent advances in the extraction techniques of PAHs from environmental matrices, utilizing novel sample preparation approaches and adsorbents.
Highlights
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of chemical compounds composed of two or more fused benzene rings [1]
A lot of progress has been made in the field of sorbent development for micro and miniaturized solid-phase extraction sample preparation techniques
Metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, zeolitic imidazole frameworks, graphene, graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes are some typical examples of novel extraction sorbents that have been implemented as such, or after surface modification for the extraction of PAHs from environmental samples
Summary
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of chemical compounds composed of two or more fused benzene rings [1]. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) are two major sample preparation techniques that have been widely used for the extraction and preconcentration of a wide variety of analytes from environmental samples. Both conventional techniques tend to have many fundamental drawbacks, since they include complicated, time-consuming steps, while they require large amounts of sample and organic solvents. Was introduced a few years later by Liu and Dasgupta, by using organic droplets suspended from the tip of a microsyringe [12] Those microextraction techniques are widely used today, and they offer certain benefits compared to the conventional sample preparation techniques. Emphasis will be given to the miniaturized sample preparation approaches, as well as the novel sorbents and other materials that have been successfully coupled with various microextraction techniques
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