Abstract
Monitoring phenolic compounds is critical in the environmental, food, and medical sectors. Among many recent advanced detection platforms, laccase-based biosensing platforms gave very rapid, effective, online, and in situ sensing of phenolic compounds. In laccase-based biosensors, laccase immobilization techniques have a vital role. However, a detailing of the advancements in laccase immobilization techniques employed in laccase-based biosensors is lacking in the literature. Thus, in this review, we assessed how the nano-immobilization techniques shaped the laccase biosensing platforms. We discussed novel developments in laccase immobilization techniques such as entrapment, adsorption, cross-linking, and covalent over new nanocomposites in laccase biosensors. We made a comprehensive assessment based on the current literature for future perspectives of nano-immobilized laccase biosensors. We found the important key areas toward which future laccase biosensor research seems to be heading. These include 1. A focus on the development of multi-layer laccase over electrode surface, 2. The need to utilize more covalent immobilization routes, as they change the laccase specificity toward phenolic compounds, 3. The advancement in polymeric matrices with electroconductive properties, and 4. novel entrapment techniques like biomineralization using laccase molecules. Thus, in this review, we provided a detailed account of immobilization in laccase biosensors and their feasibility in the future for the development of highly specific laccase biosensors in industrial, medicinal, food, and environmental applications.
Highlights
A desire for a sophisticated life made humans resort to a vast number of synthetic compounds
Our assessment of the covalent immobilization in this review suggests that the application of different available covalent immobilization approaches could lead to highly advanced and stable laccase biosensors
The extensive recent literature assessment we made for this review article suggested that laccase-based biosensors are rapidly evolving
Summary
A desire for a sophisticated life made humans resort to a vast number of synthetic compounds. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the European Union (EU) declared phenolic compounds to be contaminants of priority concern [2] Their major entry routes are different industrial, agricultural, and domestic processes. The techniques for the detection of phenolic compounds that are commonly used are spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis [10] These well-reported techniques show major shortcomings, such as complex sample preparations, time-consuming procedures, and the demand for extremely expensive instruments. There is a larger interest to develop low-cost, simple, small, and portable biosensors with good accuracy, sensitivity, rapidness, reproducibility, signal-tonoise ratio, resistance to the environment, long life, and operational safety [11,12,13] Numerous biological components such as enzymes, living microorganisms, antigens, nucleic acids, antibodies, etc., can be utilized for the construction of biosensors. Current challenges and constraints regarding the prospects for improving such laccase-based biosensors are reviewed
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