Abstract
Nowadays, owing to the increasing population and the attempts to satisfy its needs, pesticides are widely applied to control the quantity and quality of agricultural products. However, the presence of pesticide residues and their metabolites in environmental samples is hazardous to the health of humans and all other living organisms. Thus, monitoring these compounds is extremely important to ensure that only permitted levels of pesticide are consumed. To this end, fast, reliable, and environmentally friendly methods that can accurately analyze dilute, complex samples containing both parent substances and their metabolites are required. Focusing primarily on research published since 2010, this review summarizes the use of various sample pretreatment techniques to extract pesticides from various matrices, combined with on-line preconcentration strategies for sensitivity improvement, and subsequent capillary electrophoresis analysis.
Highlights
Modern agricultural production depends heavily on the use of agrochemicals, including both synthetic and natural pesticides
AFMC: analyte focusing by micelle collapse; C4 D: capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection; CE: capillary electrophoresis; Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE): capillary zone electrophoresis; DAD: diode array detector; DLLME: dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; DSPE: dispersive solid-phase extraction; EF: enhancement factor; Field-amplified sample stacking (FASS): field amplified sample stacking; FESI: field-enhanced sample injection; Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE): liquid-liquid extraction; LOD: limit of detection; large-volume sample stacking (LVSS): large volume sample stacking; MEKC: micellar electrokinetic chromatography; MRB: moving reaction boundary; MSS: micelle to solvent stacking, N.D.: not determined; QuEChERS: quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe; Ref.: reference; REPSM: reversed electrode polarity stacking mode; SPE: solid phase extraction
Reprinted with increasingly widespread application of pesticides means that ever larger amounts of them may permission The from be entering the environment and threatening human health
Summary
Modern agricultural production depends heavily on the use of agrochemicals, including both synthetic and natural pesticides. Public Health 2016, 13, 409; doi:10.3390/ijerph13040409 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Pesticide residues and their metabolites have been analyzed in environmental samples using a variety of chromatographic methods such as gas chromatography (GC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE) [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20]. CE is widely used for pesticide determination due to its high separation efficiency, short separation time, low reagent consumption, and ease of operation; its concentration sensitivity is low when coupled with UV–Vis detectors To overcome this limitation, CE can be used in combination with sample offline pretreatment or on-line preconcentration techniques with high enrichment factors. This review article aims to describe the current status of various types of sample pretreatment techniques used for the extraction and subsequent CE screening of pesticide residues and their metabolites in different environmental samples (e.g., water, soil, fruits, and food), with a special emphasis on the works published in the last five years
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