Abstract
Genome editing took a dramatic turn with the development of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) system. The CRISPR-Cas system is functionally divided into classes 1 and 2 according to the composition of the effector genes. Class 2 consists of a single effector nuclease, and routine practice of genome editing has been achieved by the development of the Class 2 CRISPR-Cas system, which includes the type II, V, and VI CRISPR-Cas systems. Types II and V can be used for DNA editing, while type VI is employed for RNA editing. CRISPR techniques induce both qualitative and quantitative alterations in gene expression via the double-stranded breakage (DSB) repair pathway, base editing, transposase-dependent DNA integration, and gene regulation using the CRISPR-dCas or type VI CRISPR system. Despite significant technical improvements, technical challenges should be further addressed, including insufficient indel and HDR efficiency, off-target activity, the large size of Cas, PAM restrictions, and immune responses. If sophisticatedly refined, CRISPR technology will harness the process of DNA rewriting, which has potential applications in therapeutics, diagnostics, and biotechnology.
Highlights
Genome editing technology is a type of engineering by which intracellular DNA is modified in a sequencespecific manner
The concept of targeted genome editing was explored by the development of a meganuclease, which was initially created by the fusion of the catalytically active nuclease domain of FokI and engineered I-SceI with a Correspondence: Yong-Sam Kim 1Genome Editing Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea 2KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea These authors contributed : Su Bin Moon, Do Yon Kim sequence-targeting ability for 18 base pairs[2]
Researchers have unveiled the structure of DNA, how DNA codes for protein synthesis, and how DNA sequences can be delineated using Sanger sequencing analysis and nextgeneration sequencing methods
Summary
Moon et al Experimental & Molecular Medicine (2019) 51:130 endonuclease domain[5]. Despite the technical developments to overcome these hurdles, there remained an overall low efficiency in the use of those techniques as a versatile genome editing platform. The RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas system includes recognition and cleavage as key elements of the genome editing tool. Simplicity, and flexibility in practical use, CRISPR technology guarantees high DNA modification efficiency in a wide range of target genes. It offers a platform for multiplexed and upscaled genome editing. The subtypes that were validated for use as a genome editing tool were introduced in Fig. 2 in terms of the structural elucidations of Cas in the complex with guide RNAs and targeted DNA or RNA substrates. The split system using N- and C-SpCas[9]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
