Abstract
One of the most trending topics in catalysis recently is the use of renewable sources and/or non-waste technologies to generate products with high added value. That is why, the present review resumes the advances in catalyst design for biomass chemical valorization. The variety of involved reactions and functionality of obtained molecules requires the use of multifunctional catalyst able to increase the efficiency and selectivity of the selected process. The use of glucose as platform molecule is proposed here and its use as starting point for biobased plastics production is revised with special attention paid to the proposed tandem Bronsted/Lewis acid catalysts.
Highlights
Societal development is inevitably linked to an ever-growing energy demand
The comparison between conversion (>70%) whereas MIL-53 (Cr)-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), MIL-53 vs. MIL-101, indicated that the higher pore size of MIL-101 induces higher fructose yields at early reaction times pointing out the pore size significance in glucose isomerization to fructose over MOFs-based catalysts. Used homogeneous catalysts such as AlCl3, CrCl3, and SnCl4 are being currently immobilized over carbon-based supports as new approach to convert them in heterogeneous catalysts for glucose isomerization reaction [30,31,32,33]. In this way the catalysts combine the properties of homogeneous Lewis acid salts with those of carbon-based materials, being the major challenge to increase the selectivity toward useful products by suppressing the side reactions and accelerating the desired reaction pathways
The conversion of glucose to fructose, HMF, or lactic acid requires the presence of Lewis sites and/or Bronsted sites for isomerization, retro aldolic, and dehydration reactions, respectively
Summary
Societal development is inevitably linked to an ever-growing energy demand. Over the last 150 years, the increasing energy demand has been covered by non-renewable fossil feedstocks which has consolidated the current scenario. Used homogeneous catalysts such as AlCl3, CrCl3, and SnCl4 are being currently immobilized over carbon-based supports as new approach to convert them in heterogeneous catalysts for glucose isomerization reaction [30,31,32,33] In this way the catalysts combine the properties of homogeneous Lewis acid salts with those of carbon-based materials, being the major challenge to increase the selectivity toward useful products by suppressing the side reactions (induced by the carbonaceous support) and accelerating the desired reaction pathways. The new trends are summarized below considering the use of triose saccharides, glucose/fructose, and other biomass feedstocks as starting reactant to produce lactic acid
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