Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases with irreversible damage of the brain and a continuous pathophysiological process. Early detection and accurate diagnosis are essential for the early intervention of AD. Precise detection of blood biomarkers related to AD could provide a shortcut to identifying early-stage patients before symptoms. In recent years, targeting peptides or peptoids have been chosen as recognition elements in nano-sensors or fluorescence detection to increase the targeting specificity, while peptide-based probes were also developed considering their specific advantages. Peptide-based sensors and probes have been developed according to different strategies, such as natural receptors, high-throughput screening, or artificial design for AD detection. This review will briefly summarize the recent developments and trends of AD diagnosis platforms based on peptide and peptoid as recognition elements and provide insights into the application of peptide and peptoid with different sources and characteristics in the diagnosis of AD biomarkers.
Highlights
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, leading to a rapid decline in cognitive impairment
Peptide-based nanomaterials can provide enhanced surface area and binding sites to increase the accumulation of signal probes and bind particular peptide domains to display specific functions (Wei et al, 2017; Qi et al, 2018)
The peptide has been used as a recognition element in a variety of electrochemical sensing technologies such as square wave voltammetry (SWV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), to achieve high-sensitivity detection of AD biomarkers and signal amplification, with the potential for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood detection (Table 1)
Summary
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, leading to a rapid decline in cognitive impairment. As a recognition element, it binds explicitly to disease-related proteins to achieve high sensitivity and specificity, rapid, low-cost, and reliable biomarker detection (Baig et al, 2018a; Zafar et al, 2021).
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