Abstract
Thallium is widely used in industrial and agricultural development. However, there is still a lack of systematic understanding of its environmental hazards and related treatment methods or technologies. Here, we critically assess the environmental behavior of thallium in aqueous systems. In addition, we first discuss the benefits and limitations of the synthetic methods of metal oxide materials that may affect the practicality and scalability of TI removal from water. We then assess the feasibility of different metal oxide materials for TI removal from water by estimating the material properties and contaminant removal mechanisms of four metal oxides (Mn, Fe, Al, and Ti). Next, we discuss the environmental factors that may inhibit the practicality and scalability of Tl removal from water. We conclude by highlighting the materials and processes that could serve as more sustainable alternatives to TI removal with further research and development.
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