Abstract
The lower immunogenicity of synthetic subunit antigens, compared to live attenuated vaccines, is being addressed with improved vaccine carriers. Recent reports indicate that the physio-chemical properties of these carriers can be altered to achieve optimal antigen presentation, endosomal escape, particle bio-distribution, and cellular trafficking. The carriers can be modified with various antigens and ligands for dendritic cells targeting. They can also be modified with adjuvants, either covalently or entrapped in the matrix, to improve cellular and humoral immune responses against the antigen. As a result, these multi-functional carrier systems are being explored for use in active immunotherapy against cancer and infectious diseases. Advancing technology, improved analytical methods, and use of computational methodology have also contributed to the development of subunit vaccine carriers. This review details recent breakthroughs in the design of nano-particulate vaccine carriers, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles.
Highlights
The introduction of vaccines to prevent infectious disease has had a transformational effect on human health
They observed that the liposomes containing dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) lipids were able to induce dendritic cell (DC) maturation and had a higher zeta potential value, which dictates the colloidal stability of the formulation
Enhanced biocompatibility as well as reduced cytotoxicity of hybrid particles compare to DOTAP liposomes was observed using bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) with various concentrations
Summary
The introduction of vaccines to prevent infectious disease has had a transformational effect on human health. Vaccination against measles, a highly contagious disease caused by morbillivirus in the paramyxovirus family has resulted in a 79% decrease in measles deaths globally from 2000 to 2014. Another example was the introduction of a meningitis A conjugate vaccine, which expedited the near elimination of the deadly disease in the African “meningitis belt”. These stunning accomplishments emphasize the importance and need for vaccines that profoundly contribute to well-being of society. The research community is making sustained efforts toward the development of vaccines against diseases which are difficult to treat, such as cancer [1,2], hepatitis C, and tuberculosis [3,4,5]
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