Abstract
水产品含有丰富的蛋白、维生素和多种微量元素,是人们摄取动物性蛋白质的重要来源之一,我国是世界上最大的水产品消费国,其质量安全问题一直备受关注。但水产样品基质复杂,有害物质的含量低,须对其进行分离富集后才能进行检测,传统的液-液萃取、固相萃取和快速固相分散萃取等样品前处理技术在水产品分析中得到广泛应用,同时针对一些挥发性和超痕量有害物质检测时,固相微萃取同样体现出巨大优势。这些样品前处理技术可以有效去除基体对分析对象的干扰,提高检测方法的灵敏度和准确度。根据目标分析物性质的不同,选择合适的样品前处理技术,是水产品中有害物质分析的关键步骤。该文以水产品中有害物的来源不同,将其分为3类:(1)水产品中环境污染物的分析;(2)养殖运输和加工过程中有害物的分析;(3)水产品中生物毒素的分析。以这3类有害物质的分析为主线,综述了近10年水产品中有害物质分析的样品前处理技术,包括液-液萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、快速固相分散萃取和磁性固相萃取等。此外,还对各种技术的优缺点进行了探讨,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。
Highlights
Suitable sample preparation techniques are important for effec⁃ tively removing matrix interferences as well as for improving the sensitivity and accuracy of the method
The harmful substances in aquatic products can be segregated into three categories according to their sources: (1) environmental pollutants in aquatic prod⁃ ucts; (2) substances acquired during aquaculture, transportation, and processing; (3) biotox⁃ ins in aquatic products
This article reviews the progress in sample pretreatment techniques for three harmful substances in aquatic products over the past decade
Summary
ASE: accelerated solvent extraction; ULLE: ultrasonic liquid⁃liquid extraction; MIP: molecularly imprinted polymer; DLLME: dis⁃ persive liquid⁃liquid microextraction; SFO: solidification of floating organic drop; IIPs: ionic imprinted polymers; MR / IT: magnetism reinforced / in tube. SERS 快速检测方法,能在 15 min 内完成对目标物 的检测,该方法满足实际样品现场快速检测的需要。 相比于 MSPE, SPME 在水产品样品尤其是活体样 品的抗生素分析中显示出更大的优势。 Tang 等[62] 建立了一种 SPME⁃LC⁃MS / MS 检测河豚中 5 种氟 喹诺酮类( FQs) 药物残留的新方法,在纤维表面涂 覆了一层生物相容性 C18⁃PAN 材料,测定活河豚鱼 背外侧肌肉 中 FQs 残 留, 方法检出限为 0 3 ~ 1 5 ng / g,该方法为活体水产品中 FQs 残留分析提供了 参考。 2.2.2 运输过程中添加剂的检测 为降低水产品在运输过程中的死亡率,通常添 加一些镇静、 麻醉类药物在水产品中, 减少经济损失。 常用的麻醉类药品有丁香酚、美托味酯、硫酸奎 哪啶、2⁃苯氧乙醇、盐酸苯唑卡因、三氯乙醛和 MS⁃ 222 等。 Botrel 等[63] 采用分散液⁃液微萃取法 ( DLLME) 萃取罗非鱼组织中的薄荷醇, 结合 GC⁃ MS 技术实现了鱼肉组织中薄荷醇类麻醉剂的快速 检测,方法检出限为 0 053 9 μg / L,回收率为 96% ~ 99 5% 。 LLE 技术在水产样品麻醉类药物的萃取中 很难有效去除大分子对检测的干扰,相比于 LLE 技 术,QuEChERS 和 SPE 技术在水产品麻醉类药物萃. 表 2 用于水产品养殖运输过程中添加的有害物质分析的样品前处理技术 Table 2 Sample pretreatment technologies for analysis of harmful substances added during aquaculture and transportation in aquatic products
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