Abstract
The application of porphyrins and their derivatives have been investigated extensively over the past years for phototherapy cancer treatment. Phototherapeutic Porphyrins have the ability to generate high levels of reactive oxygen with a low dark toxicity and these properties have made them robust photosensitizing agents. In recent years, Porphyrins have been combined with various nanomaterials in order to improve their bio-distribution. These combinations allow for nanoparticles to enhance photodynamic therapy (PDT) cancer treatment and adding additional nanotheranostics (photothermal therapy—PTT) as well as enhance photodiagnosis (PDD) to the reaction. This review examines various porphyrin-based inorganic nanoparticles developed for phototherapy nanotheranostic cancer treatment over the last three years (2017 to 2020). Furthermore, current challenges in the development and future perspectives of porphyrin-based nanomedicines for cancer treatment are also highlighted.
Highlights
Despite some major breakthroughs in cancer treatment, cancer is still one of the most significant causes of death in patients, after heart and infectious diseases [1]
Despite the great properties Quantum dots (QDs) possess in terms of high tunability with high quantum yields [1], there are limited studies regarding their application in porphyrin-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) cancer treatments
Phototherapy is a relatively new unconventional treatment modality that is being investigated for cancer treatment, since it exhibits limited side effects
Summary
Despite some major breakthroughs in cancer treatment, cancer is still one of the most significant causes of death in patients, after heart and infectious diseases [1]. Current disadvantages of conventional cancer therapies, such as Chemotherapy and Radiation, are nonspecific drug delivery mode of actions, poor bio-distribution, and biological barriers clearance, which limit their overall effectiveness [2,3] Nanotechnology can overcome these obstacles by using engineered nanomedicines, such as nanoparticles (NPs) conjugated drugs. Porphyrins exhibit low water solubility and self-aggregation properties, which cause major challenges in PS subcellular localization and uptake, affecting the overall treatment outcomes in PDT and PTT cancer therapy [17]. These phototherapies allow porphyrins to combine with other therapeutic modalities in a highly adjuvant-dependent manner [18]. The multifunctionality of nanomedicines is of great value in order to assist in alleviating unwanted cancer treatment side effects [1]
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