Abstract
Advanced organic-inorganic materials-composites, nanocomposites, and hybrids with various compositions offer unique properties required for biomedical applications. One of the most promising inorganic (nano)additives are polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS); their biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and phase separation ability that modifies the material porosity are fundamental properties required in modern biomedical applications. When incorporated, chemically or physically, into polyurethane matrices, they substantially change polymer properties, including mechanical properties, surface characteristics, and bioactivity. Hence, this review is dedicated to POSS-PU composites that have recently been developed for applications in the biomedical field. First, different modes of POSS incorporation into PU structure have been presented, then recent developments of PU/POSS hybrids as bio-active composites for scaffolds, cardiovascular stents, valves, and membranes, as well as in bio-imaging and cancer treatment, have been described. Finally, characterization and methods of modification routes of polyurethane-based materials with silsesquioxanes were presented.
Highlights
Both copolymers are known for their excellent microporous topography and great distribution of pores that allowed cellularization with adipose tissuederived stem cells (ADSCs) within a few days, making the composition well-suited in wound healing applications
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) copolymer with poly(carbonate-urea) was synthesized, which had fruited with a family of non-biodegradable and bioabsorbable polymers that meet the essential criteria in the development of covered stents
Since water is usually used as a sedimenting solvent in TIPS technology, porogen leaching and TIPS can be done with the same substance; in the first step, water is removed in the freeze-drying process and added again to leach the porogen [201]
Summary
The aging population and increase in living standards has caused an increased need for biomaterials, which have seen rapid growth in recent decades [1]. Because POSS represent a large group of compounds, the potential biomaterial structures with resulting tailored properties and well-defined structures are almost unlimited [10] These fascinating molecules located between silica and polysiloxanes combine benefits of both groups being thermally, chemically, and radiation stable, with ease of processing and manipulation using conventional chemical techniques. PU are important materials since they can be simultaneously elastic and thermoplastic (thermoplastic polyurethane–TPU) or porous (rigid and flexible foams); by Molecules 2022, 27, 40 choosing the amount and type from a variety of polyols and isocyanates, they have the potential of tailorable properties They show good blood compatibility and may be a biostable and biodegradable component in medical applications due to a wealth of possible compositions.
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