Abstract
With the progress of the aging population, bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis have become urgent problems. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of osteoclasts in bone homeostasis, implying these will be an important mediator in the treatment of bone-related diseases. Up to now, several reviews have been performed on part of osteoclast biological behaviors such as differentiation, function, or apoptosis. However, few reviews have shown the complete osteoclast biology and research advances in recent years. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the origin, differentiation, apoptosis, behavior changes and coupling signals with osteoblasts, providing a simple but comprehensive overview of osteoclasts for subsequent studies.
Highlights
The human skeleton is a complicated structure that aids mobility, controls calcium levels in blood, supports soft tissue and organ, and is a place for adult hematopoiesis
Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells created by the fusion of osteoclast progenitor cells (OCPs) with the capacity to dissolve bone matrix via secreting H+, Cl−, cathepsin K (CTSK), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the resorption zone in response to macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NFkB ligand (RANKL).In addition, the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts are closely regulated by apoptosis and molecules produced by cross-talk between osteoclasts and osteoblasts, which contribute to homeostatic conditions in bone
4.2.1 sRANKL Soluble RANKL, which is secreted by osteoblasts, could connect with its receptor RANK, which is present on OCPs, activating downstream signaling pathways involved in cell development and maturation
Summary
The human skeleton is a complicated structure that aids mobility, controls calcium levels in blood, supports soft tissue and organ, and is a place for adult hematopoiesis. Remodeling of the bone is a tightly coupled process involving osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteoclasts are the body is only bone-resorbing cells, and they are essential for bone remodeling. Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells created by the fusion of osteoclast progenitor cells (OCPs) with the capacity to dissolve bone matrix via secreting H+, Cl−, cathepsin K (CTSK), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the resorption zone in response to macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NFkB ligand (RANKL).In addition, the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts are closely regulated by apoptosis and molecules produced by cross-talk between osteoclasts and osteoblasts, which contribute to homeostatic conditions in bone. Several reviews have been performed on part of osteoclasts biological behaviors such as differentiation, function, or apoptosis (Teitelbaum and Ross, 2003; Rubin and Greenfield, 2005). Few reviews have shown the complete osteoclast biology and recent advancements in studies. We collected the latest findings on osteoclast to provide references for follow-up studies
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