Abstract
Nanozymes have the potential to replace natural enzymes, so they are widely used in energy conversion technologies such as biosensors and signal transduction (converting biological signals of a target into optical, electrical, or metabolic signals). The participation of nucleic acids leads nanozymes to produce richer interface effects and gives energy conversion events more attractive characteristics, creating what are called “functional nanozymes”. Since different nanozymes have different internal structures and external morphological characteristics, functional modulation needs to be compatible with these properties, and attention needs to be paid to the influence of nucleic acids on nanozyme activity. In this review, “functional nanozymes” are divided into three categories, (nanozyme precursor ion)/ (nucleic acid) self-assembly, nanozyme-nucleic acid irreversible binding, and nanozyme-nucleic acid reversible binding, and the effects of nucleic acids on modulation principles are summarized. Then, the latest developments of nucleic acid-modulated nanozymes are reviewed in terms of their use in energy conversion technology, and their conversion mechanisms are critically discussed. Finally, we outline the advantages and limitations of “functional nanozymes” and discuss the future development prospects and challenges in this field.
Highlights
Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
The increasing development of nucleic acid technology has promoted the progress of studies on biochemical energy conversion related to biomacromolecule-modulating nanozymes [33,34,35,36,37]
The interaction between functional nanozymes and various interface components was analyzed by generating energy conversion effects [42]
Summary
In the field of biology, enzymes are a class of macromolecular substances with biocatalytic functions. Most natural enzymes are proteins or RNA, and some studies have pointed out that enzymes can be DNA. Natural enzymes lose their activity when encountering nonphysiological conditions, and the preparation process of enzymes is complicated and expensive [5,6]. In the past few decades, scientists have been seeking to synthesize compounds with properties similar to enzymes’ activity by chemical or physical methods. These compounds are stable, economical, and able to adapt to nonphysiological conditions to solve problems in practical applications [7,8]
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