Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries as power supply systems possessing a theoretical energy density of as high as 2600 Wh kg−1 are considered promising alternatives toward the currently used lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the insulation characteristic and huge volume change of sulfur, the generation of dissolvable lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) during charge/discharge, and the uncontrollable dendrite formation of Li metal anodes render Li-S batteries serious cycling issues with rapid capacity decay. To address these challenges, extensive efforts are devoted to designing cathode/anode hosts and/or modifying separators by incorporating functional materials with the features of improved conductivity, lithiophilic, physical/chemical capture ability toward LiPSs, and/or efficient catalytic conversion of LiPSs. Among all candidates, molybdenum-based (Mo-based) materials are highly preferred for their tunable crystal structure, adjustable composition, variable valence of Mo centers, and strong interactions with soluble LiPSs. Herein, the latest advances in design and application of Mo-based materials for Li-S batteries are comprehensively reviewed, covering molybdenum oxides, molybdenum dichalcogenides, molybdenum nitrides, molybdenum carbides, molybdenum phosphides, and molybdenum metal. In the end, the existing challenges in this research field are elaborately discussed.
Highlights
The rapid development in materials science and technology has boomed the energy storage market, covering widespread applications of smart grids, electric vehicles, portable electronics, etc. [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
Based on experimental results and DFT calculations, they found that oxygen defects (ODs) improve the electrical conductivity of MoO3 and obviously enhance the binding strength between MoO3 and Li2S6, effectively anchoring lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) intermediates during cycling
1T-MoS2 has a small Li migration energy barrier of 0.155 eV, which is beneficial for the rapid diffusion of Li+ to Li metal and the homogetnoeoluoswL-viodlteapgoesiptioolna.riTzahteiomnoodfifi~c5a2tiomnVofatlit1h0ia.0temdAMcomS−22l,eda threefold improvement in the cycle life compared to bare Li metal, and effective suppression of Li dendrites (Figures 10(c) and 10(d))
Summary
The rapid development in materials science and technology has boomed the energy storage market, covering widespread applications of smart grids, electric vehicles, portable electronics, etc. [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. In contrast to Li2S2 and Li2S, the dissolvable lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) diffuse through the porous separator to the negative electrode and react with Li metal forming nondissolvable Li2S [21]. Such a “shuttle effect” results in the consumption of sulfur cathodes and the passivation of metal anodes, leading to the increase in internal resistance, the degradation of cycling stability, and the depression of Coulombic efficiency [22,23,24,25]. From high chemical reactivity, unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and dendrite growth during the plating/ stripping process, resulting in capacity loss and safety issues [26] These issues hamper the commercialization of Li-S batteries. We summarize the challenges and outline the future prospects of using Mobased materials in Li-S batteries
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