Abstract
The global increasing contamination of water resources with toxic heavy metals poses severe threats to human health and aqueous ecosystem. Therefore, it is of high significance to develop low-cost, feasible, and sustainable technologies for the heavy metal removal from wastewater. The membrane separation method possesses some of its great properties, such as high efficiency, easy operation and low space requirements, which has been considered as a promising method for heavy metal removal. In this review, an extensive list of various membrane methods for heavy metal removal from the literature has been compiled. This study reviews the latest developments, discoveries, and prospective applications related to ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis, with an in-depth focus on heavy metal removal. Furthermore, the present review offers a summary and outlook on the opportunities and challenges in the membrane filtration field. Overall, it was found that membrane filtration methods have a promising potential for the practical applications for heavy metal removal.
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