Abstract
Small-molecule fluorescent probes play a myriad of important roles in chemical sensing. Many such systems incorporating a receptor component designed to recognise and bind a specific analyte, and a reporter or transducer component which signals the binding event with a change in fluorescence output have been developed. Fluorescent probes use a variety of mechanisms to transmit the binding event to the reporter unit, including photoinduced electron transfer (PET), charge transfer (CT), Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), excimer formation, and aggregation induced emission (AIE) or aggregation caused quenching (ACQ). These systems respond to a wide array of potential analytes including protons, metal cations, anions, carbohydrates, and other biomolecules. This review surveys important new fluorescence-based probes for these and other analytes that have been reported over the past five years, focusing on the most widely exploited macrocyclic recognition components, those based on cyclam, calixarenes, cyclodextrins and crown ethers; other macrocyclic and non-macrocyclic receptors are also discussed.
Highlights
A chemical sensor provides analytical data about species present in a chemical system and consists of two essential components—a receptor, which binds the substrate/analyte, and a transducer, which reports this binding event [1]
For a chemosensor, defined as a molecule of abiotic origin that signals the presence of matter or energy [2], the receptor interacts with the species of interest to trigger a detectable signal from the transducer, which reports useful information (Figure 1, central panel) [3,4]
A diverse range of chemosensor probes has been developed based on a variety of structures ranging from small molecules, metal complexes and macrocycles through to polymers, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots and nanoparticles
Summary
A chemical sensor provides analytical data about species present in a chemical system and consists of two essential components—a receptor, which binds the substrate/analyte, and a transducer, which reports this binding event [1]. The detection of chemical species has great importance in a variety of fields including water does not exceed the World Health Organization’s guideline value of 6 μg/L of inorganic mercury, environmental, biological and. Alzheimer’s via thethe generation hydrogen peroxide and other reactivevalue oxygenof species, and sensors that allow monitoring biological imaging of copper in specific intracellular components inorganic mercury, continuous of water quality is required to maintain publicorhealth processes allowCopper further insight be gained medical research into related diseases and disorders and safety [17,18]. Many excellent reviews have been published in the area, focusing on particular classes of analyte [28–33], receptor or transducer architecture [12,34–41], and
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