Abstract
Liver transplantation is currently the only effective treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease; however, donor liver scarcity is a notable concern. As a result, extensive endeavors have been made to diversify the source of donor livers. For example, the use of a decellularized scaffold in liver engineering has gained considerable attention in recent years. The decellularized scaffold preserves the original orchestral structure and bioactive chemicals of the liver, and has the potential to create a de novo liver that is fit for transplantation after recellularization. The structure of the liver and hepatic extracellular matrix, decellularization, recellularization, and recent developments are discussed in this review. Additionally, the criteria for assessment and major obstacles in using a decellularized scaffold are covered in detail.
Highlights
End-stage liver disease is a primary cause of morbidity and mortality, accounting for more than one million deaths per year (Cheemerla and Balakrishnan, 2021)
The remaining cellular components in the extracellular matrix (ECM) create an unfavorable host immune response, and the deterioration of the ECM will compromise the bioactivity of the implanted cells
The abovementioned criteria have been widely adopted, they all lead to destructive end-points in analyses of the scaffold, and the degree of decellularization cannot be determined in real-time
Summary
End-stage liver disease is a primary cause of morbidity and mortality, accounting for more than one million deaths per year (Cheemerla and Balakrishnan, 2021). End-stage liver disease is a growing public health hazard for which liver transplantation is the only available remedy. Since Thomas Starzl conducted the first liver transplantation in 1963, liver transplantation has evolved significantly over the last 50 years. Along with the renewal of immunosuppressive drugs, liver transplantation technology has increasingly advanced, resulting in the survival of numerous patients with end-stage liver disease (Song et al, 2014). Donor scarcity continues to be a significant issue. Aside from increasing citizen donation rates and marginal liver utilization, efforts are required to develop alternative viable treatments (Muller et al, 2020; Yagi et al, 2020)
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