Abstract
Kidney disease is an epidemic that affects more than 600 million people worldwide. The socioeconomic impacts of the disease disproportionately affect Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black Americans, making the disease an issue of social inequality. The urgency of this situation has only become worse during the COVID-19 pandemic, as those who are hospitalized for COVID-19 have an increased risk of kidney failure. For researchers, the kidney is a complex organ that is difficult to accurately model and understand. Traditional cell culture models are not adequate for studying the functional intricacies of the kidney, but recent experiments have offered improvements for understanding these systems. Recent progress includes organoid modeling, 3D bioprinting, decellularization, and microfluidics. Here, we offer a review of the most recent advances in kidney bioengineering.
Highlights
Kidney disease is a public health crisis that affects 37 million people in the United States
Progression of the disease can lead to kidney failure and end-stage renal disease (ESRD), which requires dialysis or a kidney transplant [1]
Despite the life-saving measures of dialysis, after 5 years on dialysis the survival rate drops to just 33% [3]
Summary
Kidney disease is a public health crisis that affects 37 million people in the United States. To identify novel strategies for the treatment of kidney disease, we must create better models to study its molecular and cellular etiology This can be accomplished by engineering “miniature kidneys” in the form of kidney organoids. Dissolvable scaffolds can offer support while the cells are being seeded and degrade once the cells are distributed into the pattern of interest These dissolvable scaffolds are useful for creating threedimensional shapes with hollow channels that represent vascularlike structures. Bioinks are hydrogels that have adequate mechanical, chemical, and biological characteristics for supporting cell growth These inks may be composed of substances that resemble the microenvironment of a particular cell line, such as collagen, alginate, or gelatin, or they can be TABLE 1 | Advantages and disadvantages of kidney organoid differentiation protocols
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