Abstract
This paper summarises a literature review on the applications of Internet of Things (IoT) with the aim of enhancing building energy use and reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). A detailed assessment of contemporary practical reviews and works was conducted to understand how different IoT systems and technologies are being developed to increase energy efficiencies in both residential and commercial buildings. Most of the reviewed works were invariably related to the dilemma of efficient heating systems in buildings. Several features of the central components of IoT, namely, the hardware and software needed for building controls, are analysed. Common design factors across the many IoT systems comprise the selection of sensors and actuators and their powering techniques, control strategies for collecting information and activating appliances, monitoring of actual data to forecast prospect energy consumption and communication methods amongst IoT components. Some building energy applications using IoT are provided. It was found that each application presented has the potential for significant energy reduction and user comfort improvement. This is confirmed in two case studies summarised, which report the energy savings resulting from implementing IoT systems. Results revealed that a few elements are user-specific that need to be considered in the decision processes. Last, based on the studies reviewed, a few aspects of prospective research were recommended.
Highlights
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a relatively new and rapidly growing technology
The utilisation of a centralised algorithmic service was at the heart of the stability of the IoT system, as basic code was scripted to the microcontroller itself
All the data produced by the sensors are transferred to remote cloud servers, where the data are deposited in no-structured query language (NOSQL) databases [62] and utilised by cognitive algorithms to gather information regarding consumers’ behaviours that is further utilised to enhance the comfort and the energy reductions of the monitored building
Summary
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a relatively new and rapidly growing technology. It began in the early 2000s where RFID technology was used for inventory management and product delivery tracking [1]. As the number of connected devices worldwide is expected to continue to expand exponentially, IoT systems are anticipated to become much more prevalent in the coming years [3,4,5]. Since this beginning, the number of connected devices has been ever increasing to an estimated 50 billion devices by 2020, shown below in Figure 1 [6]. IoT is proving to be useful in countless applications, collecting data that was once collected manually or never collected. These data are used wtoasadondcceocnovlleenciteendcme aannduaslalyfeotyr ntoevoeurrcloivlleesc,teads.wTehlelsaesdiantcareaarseeupserodfittoaandddecfofincvieennciieenscoef acnodmspaafentiyest.o our lives, as well as increase profit and efficiencies of companies. Png et al [23] Prauzek et al [24] Gawali and Dehmukh [25] Curry and Harris [26] Matsui et al [27]
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