Abstract
Benzoxazines have attracted wide attention from academics all over the world because of their unique properties. However, most of the production and preparation of benzoxazine resins depends on petroleum resources now, especially bisphenol A-based benzoxazine. Therefore, owing to the environmental impacts, the development of bio-based benzoxazines is gaining more and more interest to substitute petroleum-based benzoxazines. Similar to petroleum-based benzoxazines, most of bio-based benzoxazines suffer from flammability. Thus, it is necessary to endow bio-based benzoxazines with outstanding flame retardancy. The purpose of this review is to summarize the latest advance in flame retardant bio-based benzoxazines. First, three methods of the synthesis of bio-based benzoxazines are introduced briefly. Furthermore, the curing mechanism of benzoxazine and the effect of branched chains on the curing behavior are also discussed and summarized. Subsequently, this review focuses on fully bio-based benzoxazines, partly bio-based benzoxazines, and bio-based benzoxazine composite materials in terms of flame retardancy as well as thermal stability and some other special properties. Finally, we give a brief comment on the challenges and prospects of the future development of flame retardant bio-based benzoxazines.
Highlights
High-performance polymers are typical synthetic materials with excellent mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, which can be continuously used under a high temperature
Bio-based benzoxazines made from natural renewable raw materials like eugenol, vanillin, daidzein, guaiacol have been widely explored and developed to replace petroleumbased benzoxazines
Similar to many synthetic polymer materials, bio-based benzoxazines have some serious weaknesses of poor thermal stability and flammability
Summary
High-performance polymers are typical synthetic materials with excellent mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, which can be continuously used under a high temperature. Benzoxazine monomers are safer and easier to operate and process because they can be stored at room temperature rather than harsh storage conditions, and do not release byproducts during the polymerization process with low volume shrinkage near zero [1], which ensures the dimensional stability and reduce the porosity of polymers Thanks to these excellent properties, polybenzoxazine has been successfully applied in the fields of aerospace composite materials used in interior panels and bulkheads; insulating materials used in motors; electronic. One of the most basic and widely used raw materials of benzoxazines is bisphenol A, which shows estrogen-mimicking and hormone-like influence with certain embryotoxicity and teratogenicity, limiting its use in food and beverage containers [13] These problems bring about an increasing demand for the transition from fossil-based materials to sustainable and renewable resources in order to reduce dependence on fossil resources and make further contributions to solve environmental issues. A brief summary of the opportunities and challenges for bio-based benzoxazines is given to expect better development of biobased benzoxazines in the future
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