Recent advances in fixation of CO2 into organic carbamates through multicomponent reaction strategies

Abstract

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is the main greenhouse gas and also an ideal C1 feedstock in organic synthesis because it is abundant, non-toxic, nonflammable, and renewable. The synthesis of organic carbamates using CO 2 as a phosgene alternative has attracted extensive attention because of the importance of carbamates in organic synthesis and in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. In recent decades, many multicomponent reaction strategies have been designed for constructing different types of organic carbamate molecules. Most of these methods rely on the in situ generation of carbamate anions from CO 2 and amines, followed by reactions with other coupling partners. Synthetic strategies for acyclic carbamates include nucleophile-electrophile coupling, nucleophile-nucleophile oxidative coupling, difunctionalization of unsaturated hydrocarbons, and C–H bond functionalization. Strategies for the synthesizing cyclic carbamates include carboxylative cyclization of in situ-generated unsaturated amines and difunctionalization of unsaturated amines with CO 2 and other electrophilic reagents. This review summarizes the recent advances in the synthesis of organic carbamates from CO 2 using different multicomponent reaction strategies. Future perspectives and challenges in the incorporation of CO 2 into carbamates are also presented. This review summarizes the recent advances in the synthesis of organic carbamates from CO 2 through multicomponent reaction strategies. Future perspectives and challenges in incorporating CO 2 into carbamates are also presented.