Abstract
Although bone is an organ that displays potential for self-healing after damage, bone regeneration does not occur properly in some cases, and it is still a challenge to treat large bone defects. The development of bone tissue engineering provides a new approach to the treatment of bone defects. Among various cell types, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent one of the most promising seed cells in bone tissue engineering due to their functions of osteogenic differentiation, immunomodulation, and secretion of cytokines. Regulation of osteogenic differentiation of MSCs has become an area of extensive research over the past few years. This review provides an overview of recent research progress on enhancement strategies for MSC osteogenesis, including improvement in methods of cell origin selection, culture conditions, biophysical stimulation, crosstalk with macrophages and endothelial cells, and scaffolds. This is favorable for further understanding MSC osteogenesis and the development of MSC-based bone tissue engineering.
Highlights
Bone is an important organ that serves a wide range of functions, including preserving vital internal organs and structures, providing the levers for muscles, maintaining mineral homeostasis, secreting growth factors and cytokines, and providing the environment for hematopoietic cell development (Clarke, 2008)
Similar results were found by Ding and his coworkers, who revealed that the osteogenic differentiation capacities of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (ADSCs) between old age individuals and young age individuals were the same (Ding et al, 2013). These results suggest that MSC osteogenesis is independent of donor age, indicating that MSCs from elderly donors are eligible for bone tissue engineering in terms of osteogenic differentiation potential
These results indicate that bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs) may represent a better candidate for bone tissue engineering than ADSCs regarding MSC osteogenesis
Summary
Bone is an important organ that serves a wide range of functions, including preserving vital internal organs and structures, providing the levers for muscles, maintaining mineral homeostasis, secreting growth factors and cytokines, and providing the environment for hematopoietic cell development (Clarke, 2008). When the composites were subjected to an in vitro osteogenic differentiation assay, the expression of genes associated with ossification was higher in BMSCs. These results indicate that BMSCs may represent a better candidate for bone tissue engineering than ADSCs regarding MSC osteogenesis.
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