Abstract
Electrochemical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based immunoassays for cancer biomarker detection have recently attracted much interest owing to their higher sensitivity, amplification of signal, ease of handling, potential for automation and combination with miniaturized analytical systems, low cost and comparative simplicity for mass production. Their developments have considerably improved the sensitivity required for detection of low concentrations of cancer biomarkers present in bodily fluids in the early stages of the disease. Recently, various attempts have been made in their development and several methods and processes have been described for their development, amplification strategies and testing. The present review mainly focuses on the development of ELISA-based electrochemical immunosensors that may be utilized for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapy monitoring. Various fabrication methods and signal enhancement strategies utilized during the last few years for the development of ELISA-based electrochemical immunosensors are described.
Highlights
Cancer is one of the major causes of mortality in the world
A quadruple signal amplification strategy has been described by Zhou et al for CEA detection
For amplified electrochemical signal measurement, CEA sandwiched between Ab1 immobilized on sensor surface and modified Ab2 underwent hybridization with s1 and s2 DNA strands to form a sensor surface and modified Ab2 underwent hybridization with s1 and s2 DNA strands to form a concatamer followed by interaction with hemin, which resulted in formation of DNAzyme capable concatamer followed by interaction with hemin, which resulted in formation of DNAzyme capable of of binding with methylene blue
Summary
Cancer is one of the major causes of mortality in the world. Many factors, including exposure to cancer-causing reagents, exposure to radiation, infections, genetic modifications, etc., can disrupt the cells and result in their modification and proliferation causing the generation of cancer in different parts of the body. To achieve early stage diagnosis researchers have proposed the use of proteins and oligonucleotides released in the body during the early stages of cancer and not present in the same concentrations in healthy individuals. Such molecules are known as biomarkers and different types of cancers release different biomarkers, whose detection and estimation can provide very valuable information regarding cancer type and its stage. Taking into account population and cancer stage variability as well as low levels of biomarkers in early stages in cancer, it is recommended to identify and test panels of multiple biomarkers for better accuracy in diagnosis
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