Abstract
Electrochemical sensors are considered an auspicious tool to detect biomolecules (e.g., DNA, proteins, and lipids), which are valuable sources for the early diagnosis of diseases and disorders. Advances in electrochemical sensing platforms have enabled the development of a new type of biosensor, enabling label-free, non-destructive detection of viability, function, and the genetic signature of whole cells. Numerous studies have attempted to enhance both the sensitivity and selectivity of electrochemical sensors, which are the most critical parameters for assessing sensor performance. Various nanomaterials, including metal nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives, and metal oxide nanoparticles, have been used to improve the electrical conductivity and electrocatalytic properties of working electrodes, increasing sensor sensitivity. Further modifications have been implemented to advance sensor platform selectivity and biocompatibility using biomaterials such as antibodies, aptamers, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and peptide composites. This paper summarizes recent electrochemical sensors designed to detect target biomolecules and animal cells (cancer cells and stem cells). We hope that this review will inspire researchers to increase their efforts to accelerate biosensor progress—enabling a prosperous future in regenerative medicine and the biomedical industry.
Highlights
There is a pressing need for rapid clinical monitoring and diagnostic approaches that associate high sensitivity, selectivity, and quick performance with sample determination [1].Recent progress in bioanalytical techniques has led to integrating conventional biological concepts with digital instrumentation to establish an easy-to-use, handheld system [2,3].Biosensors are a significant breakthrough in scientific research, which could be defined as the device that relies on specific biochemical reactions involving isolated enzymes, immune systems, tissues, organelles or whole cells during the electrical, thermal, or optical signals detection of chemical compounds [4]
We describe the progress in electrochemical sensors for detecting targets of interest, from biomolecules to the cellular level corresponding with cell viability toward cancer cells and pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as highly proliferative cells (Figure 1)
This platform consists of highly conductive gold nanostructures (HCGN) that enable the spontaneous formation of spheroids and detect their viability using the electrochemical method
Summary
There is a pressing need for rapid clinical monitoring and diagnostic approaches that associate high sensitivity, selectivity, and quick performance with sample determination [1]. Biosensors are a significant breakthrough in scientific research, which could be defined as the device that relies on specific biochemical reactions involving isolated enzymes, immune systems, tissues, organelles or whole cells during the electrical, thermal, or optical signals detection of chemical compounds [4]. Several researchers have attempted to develop a sensor device that can quickly detect antibodies, antigens, enzymes, proteins, and DNA in complex samples [7,8,9] Following those innovations, biosensing entities have received significant attention for changing the medical paradigm from treatment to prevention and diagnoses due to the potential of biomolecules as disease biomarkers [10,11].
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