Abstract
The growing demand for petroleum, accompanied by the declining petroleum reserves and the concerns over energy security, has intensified the interest in direct coal liquefaction (DCL), particularly in countries such as China which is rich in coal resources, but short of petroleum. In addition to a general introduction on the mechanisms and processes of DCL, this paper overviews some recent advances in DCL technology with respect to the influencing factors for DCL reactions (temperature, solvent, pressure, atmospheres, etc.), the effects of coal pre-treatments for DCL (swelling, thermal treatment, hydrothermal treatment, etc.), as well as recent development in multi-staged DCL processes, DCL catalysts and co-liquefaction of coal with biomass.
Highlights
Due to the rapid increase in demand for petroleum and its declining reserves, the concern over energy security has intensified the interest in coal liquefaction, especially for those countries which are short of oil resources but have abundant coal reserves, such as the United States and China, etc
It was found that when using a good donor solvent in coal liquefaction, a high conversion could be obtained under N2 atmosphere [17], most direct coal liquefaction (DCL) processes operated under a high-pressure hydrogen atmosphere
Some recent advances in the DCL technology were overviewed from various perspectives, including the influencing factors for the DCL reactions, the effects of coal pre-treatments for DCL, as well as some recent development in multi-stage DCL processes, DCL
Summary
Due to the rapid increase in demand for petroleum and its declining reserves, the concern over energy security has intensified the interest in coal liquefaction, especially for those countries which are short of oil resources but have abundant coal reserves, such as the United States and China, etc. A 0.1 t/d BSU facility was built at the end of 2003, and the BSU was tested for approximately 5,000 working hours in total These experiments validated the feasibility and reliability of the Shenhua DCL process. Construction of the demonstration plant (3,000 t/d or about 1 million tons of synfuels per year) started in August 2004 and liquid oils were successfully produced through a trial run in December 2008. This made China the only country in the world to achieve direct coal-to-liquid production at a 1 million-ton-scale. On DCL, as well as the recent development of multi-staged DCL processes, advanced catalysts and co-liquefaction of coal with biomass
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