Recent Advances in Computational Design of Organic Materials for Corrosion Protection of Steel in Aqueous Media

Abstract

Cost of corrosion studies have been undertaken by several countries including the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, India and China. In the United States (USA) the awareness of the cost of corrosion has been maintained at a high level. Professor Uhlig; the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), now the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); Battelle Columbus Laboratories (BCL); and CC Technologies Laboratories (CC), along with NACE International and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), have contributed to the current knowledge on the cost of corrosion. In the United Kingdom (U.K.), the Hoar Committee has played a stellar role in estimating the cost of corrosion. In Japan, three approaches (Uhlig method, Hoar method, and NBS-BCL model) have been used. In India, the Uhlig method was followed in 1958, while the NBS-BCL model was adopted in 1986. Countries have attempted to relate the cost of corrosion to their gross national product (GNP). The common findings of these studies revealed that the annual cost of corrosion ranged from approximately 1 to 5 percent of Gross National Product (GDP) of each nation. In a widely-cited study (NACE Corrosion Costs Study) by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers, NACE, the direct cost of corrosion in the U.S. was estimated to equal $276 Billion in 1998, approximately 3.1 % of GDP (Fig.1) [1]. A significant milestone in the effect of corrosion on the U.S. economy occurs in 2012 when the total cost of corrosion in the US exceeds $1 trillion annually for the first time [2]. The annual cost of corrosion worldwide is estimated at $ 2.2 Trillion (2010), which is about 3 % of the world’s gross domestic product (GDP) of $ 73.33 Trillion [3]. This amount is staggering and could be use to provide food and basic social